Can old Soviet era artillery perform an artillery barrage against modern military units?

Of course and I’ll do you one better. A Napoleonic era artillery can perform an artillery barrage against modern units.

Napoleon's artillery ourtanges modern infantry rifles

Having said thay both Soviet-era artillery and their Napoleonic counterparts have a problem if you want them to stay alive and also inflict useful casualties upon the enemy. Both come up short. Napolenic guns are obvious enough I would hope, but Soviet guns have an issue as well.

Soviet strategam was numbers. Their guns weren't as accurate, their artillerymen not as trained and spotters not as good as Western counterparts, but they were numerous. Soviets compensated for the lack of quality with sheer numbers of guns.

This works in a WW1/2 setting fine. After that interdiction from air or from surface to surface missiles precludes the kind of logistics this kind of war needs. If you need 33 trains per day to supply your guns you won't hide that from HIMARS and you’ll only fight for a couple of hours, not a couple of weeks.

Soviet artillery is dangerous, but modern armies outfight it almost as badly as they would outfight Napolenic armies.